Separated by distance, but connected by technology using affective haptic devices

Over the years, technological solutions have been developed to facilitate communication of touch over distance by means of affective haptic displays (AHDs). There are three types of AHDs: devices that provide interpersonal physical contact over a distance (i.e., Mediated Social Touch), devices that allow for the transfer of symbolic messages (e.g., tactile icons), and awareness systems that provide information about one’s presence in the home or one’s heart rate. For each various prototypes have been developed.

Research gaps

The majority of research studies in the field of AHDs has focused on three areas: design research, development of prototypes, and experimental work investigating how the use of AHDs can affect interaction outcomes, including stress reduction and helping behavior. By looking at current research and current limitations of AHDs, Sima Ipakchian Askari identified a number of research gaps as part of her PhD research.

First, there is a lack of systematic integration of individual design explorations and a lack of insight into the underlying design dimensions that constitute the design space of AHDs. Second, there is a lack of research on possible reasons for mixed findings on efficacy of mediated social touch in replicating findings of social touch research. Third, there is a lack of research on people’s a priori perceptions and attitudes towards AHDs. Lastly, there is a lack of understanding of how (prospective) users’ attitudes and perceived benefit of AHDs change over time, and how people integrate AHDs into their daily lives.

Askari’s findings show that AHDs can be of value to people—AHDs were regarded to be most suitable for circumstances in which geographical distance prevented skin-to-skin contact, and interest in AHDs increased with increasing touch deprivation. However, current mediated social touch (MST) devices remain a poor substitute for social touch. Most of our participants neither experienced nor used MST for social touch.

Limitations

While they aim to simulate social touch, Askari found that current day MST devices have design characteristics that are not appropriate for doing so, as they often lack the bi-directionality and symmetry of physical contact from face-to-face interactions. In general, the lack of realism of current day MST devices — a big limitation according to our participants — needs to be addressed, whether through improvements in display technology or through other means. Moreover, it seems that there is insufficient attention in the design process for the notion that social touch is more than mere tactile stimulation, and strongly relies on context for its meaning (including, for example, other visual cues and situation-specific social norms).

A lack of attention is also reflected in that, in general, MST devices rely solely on the tactile or haptic modality, thus lacking the multimodal cues that could provide contextual information about the sender of touch or their facial expressions. As a result of this disregard of context in the design process, participants in our field study had to negotiate their own shared meaning to the tactile stimulation and started to use, and value, the provided MST devices as symbolic AHDs instead. In summary, based on the work presented in her thesis, Askari points out the need to acknowledge that MST has not yet fulfilled its promise.

Title of PhD thesis: Separated by distance, connected by technology? Perceptions, experiences and responses towards affective haptic devices. Supervisors: Wijnand IJsselstein and Antal Haans.